The introduction
In this research paper , we’re going to talk about William Shakespeare . His early life ,his works which were divided in to ; comedies , histories , tragedies and poems and his death.
Do you know who is William Shakespeare ?
He was an English poet and a playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English literature.
That’s what we will talk about in this research wishing that it will be an interesting and a useful research
A bout Shakespeare
The story of William Shakespeare is a tale of towns, start ford and London. He was born and reared in house which has survived by time and tourism .He married to a local girl she wore him three children , one of whom , the only son , died young . in London Shakespeare become a common player in plays, then a popular writer of plays – the most popular in his age. In his last years he passed in a fine house, called New place , he was purchased in his hometown. There, shortly before his death , he drew up a will in which he remembered – in addition to kin– ordinary folks ,start ford neighbours, as well as the collegues , his ‘fellows’, he esteemed most in the king’s troupe. He neglected to mention noble lords, although to one he had in early day dedicated two poems. In start ford, Shakespeare died and was buried seven years later his collected plays were printed in a handsom tolio volume. That event took place in London, which then, as now, was the center of the publishing trade in English.
Early life
William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, a successful glover and alderman originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised on 26 April 1564. His unknown birthday is traditioally observed on 23 April.
This date, which can be traced back to an eighteenth-century scholar’s mistake, has proved appealing because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616. He was the third eight and the eldest surviving son. Although no attendance records for the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was educated at the King’s New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter of a mile from his home.Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, but the curriculum was dictated by law throughout England, and the school would have provided an intensive education in Latin grammar and the classics. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married the 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582.
Two of Hathaway’s neighbors posted bonds thenext day as surety that there were no impediments to the marriage. The couple may have arranged the ceremony in some haste, since the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be read onceinstead of the usual three times. Anne’s pregnancy could have been the reason for this. Six months after the marriage, she gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, who was baptized on 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptized on 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried on 11 August 1596. After the birth of the twins, there are few historical traces of Shakespeare until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. Because of this gap, scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare’s "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare’s first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching. Another eighteenth-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in London. John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster. Some twentieth-century scholars have suggeste that Shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakespeare " in his will. No evidence substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after his death.
List of works
Classification of the plays
Shakespeare’s works include the 36 plays printed in the First Folio of 1623, listed below according to their folio classification ascomedies, histories and tragedies. Shakespeare did not write every word of the plays attributed to him; and several show signs of collaboration, a common practice at the time. Two plays not included in the First Folio, The Two Noble Kinsmen and Pericles, Prince of Tyre, are now accepted as part of the canon, with scholars agreed that Shakespeare made a major contribution to their composition. No poems were included in the First Folio.In the late nineteenth century, Edward Dowden classified four of the late comedies as romances, and though many scholars prefer to call them tragicomedies, his term is often used. These plays and the associated Two Noble Kinsmen are marked with an asterisk below. In 1896, Frederick S. Boas coined the term "problem plays" to describe four plays: All’s Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida and Hamlet. "Dramas as singular in theme and temper cannot be strictly called comedies or tragedies", he wrote. "We may therefore borrow a convenient phrase from the theatre of today and class them together as Shakespeare’s problem plays." The term, much debated and sometimes applied to other plays, remains in use, though Hamlet is definitively classed as a tragedy. The other problem plays are marked below with a double dagger (‡). Plays thought to be only partly written by Shakespeare are marked with a dagger (†) below. Other works occasionally attributed to him are listed as lost plays or apocrypha.
Shakespeare’s Works
Comedies:-
1) All’s Well That Ends Well‡..
2) As You Like It..
3) The Comedy of Errors..
4) Cymbeline..
5) Love’s Labour’s Lost..
6) Measure for Measure‡..
7) The Merchant of Venice..
8) The Merry Wives of Windsor..
9) A Midsummer Night’s Dream..
10) Much Ado About Nothing ..
11) Pericles, Prince of Tyre*†..
12) The Taming of the Shrew..
13) The Tempest..
14) Twelfth Night, or What You Will..
15) The Two Gentlemen of Verona..
16) The Two Noble Kinsmen..
17) The Winter’s Tale..
Histories:-
1) King John
2) Richard II
3) Henry IV, part 1
4) Henry IV, part 2
5) Henry V
6) Henry VI, part 1† [f]
7) Henry VI, part 2
8) Henry VI, part 3
9) Richard III
10) Henry VIII†[g]
Tragedies:-
1) Romeo and Juliet..
2) Coriolanus ..
3) Titus Andronicus† ..
4) Timon of Athens†[i] ..
5) Julius Caesar..
6) Macbeth† [j] ..
7) Hamlet..
8) Troilus and Cressida‡ ..
9) King Lear ..
10) Othello..
11) Antony and Cleopatra..
Poems:-
1) Shakespeare’s Sonnets..
2) Venus and Adonis..
3) The Rape of Lucrece..
4) The Passionate Pilgrim..
5) The Phoenix and the Turtle ..
6) A Lover’s Complaint..
Shakespeare’s death
After 1606–7, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright for the King’s Men. Rowe was the first biographer to pass down the tradition that Shakespeare retired to Stratford some years before his death; but retirement from all work was uncommon at that time, and Shakespeare continued to visit London. In 1612, he was called as a witness in a court case concerning the marriage settlement of Mountjoy’s daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse in the Blackfriars priory; and from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, and was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare’s death.
In his will, Shakespeare left the bulk of his large estate to his elder daughter Susanna. The terms instructed that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body". The Quineys had three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare’s direct line. Shakespeare’s will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one third of his estate automatically. He did make a point, however, of leaving her"my second best bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation. Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore rich in significance. Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his death. Sometime before 1623, a monument was erected in his memory on the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. A stone slab covering his grave is inscribed with a curse